The course aims to provide students with the tools necessary to approach the study of elementary chemical processes and materials covered in this course, as well from a theoretical as from a practical point of view.
teacher profile teaching materials
History of biomaterials. Definition of biomaterials. Biocompatibility. Sterilization, prevention of infection. Classification of Biomaterials
2. Material properties
Mechanical properties: Young's modulus; Stress–strain curves of different types of materials. Dynamic fatigue failure. Viscoelasticity. Hardness. Thermal Properties.
3. Organic Chemistry
The Origins of Organic Chemistry. Principles of Atomic Structure. Bond Formation: The Octet Rule. Ionic and covalent Bonding. Electronegativity and Bond Polarity. Lewis Structures. Multiple Bonding. Resonance. Pi Bonding. Hybridization and geometry. Bond rotation. Structure and properties of Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Intermolecular Forces. Functional groups. Structure and properties of organic compounds: Halogenated compounds; Alcohols; Thiols; Ethers; Amines; Aldehydes; Ketones; Carboxylic acids. Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases. Condensation reaction of Acids with Alcohols: Esters. Condensation reaction of carboxylic acid and ammonia or an amine: Amides. Stereochemistry.
4. Polymers
Definition. Classification of polymers. Characteristics and properties of polymeric materials: Degree of Polymerization; Molecular Weight; Degree of Polydispersity; Reticulation degree; Glass transition temperature; Melting temperature. Condensation polymers: Polyamides; Polyesters; Polyurethanes. Disadvantages of condensation polymers. Addition Polymers: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC); polymethacrylate (PMA); Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); Hydrogels; Teflon (TFPE). Stereochemistry of polymers. The physical state of the polymers: Crystalline Polymers, Semi-Crystalline Polymers, Amorphous Polymers. Fibers. Elastomers: Natural Rubber, Synthetic rubbers, Silicones. Behavior of polymers as a function of temperature: thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers. Thermoplastic polymers with high resistance: Polyacetals, Polysulfones, Polycarbonates.
5. Biodegradable polymers.
6. Tissue response to implants
Cellular Response to Implants: Ceramics, metals and polymers. Systemic Effects by Implants. Blood Compatibility.
7. Ceramic biomaterials
Physical Properties. Sintering. Use of ceramic materials. Bioinert ceramics: alumina, zirconia and pyrolytic carbon. Bioactive ceramics: hydroxyapatite (HA), bioglasses or glass-ceramics. bioresorbable ceramics: tricalcium phosphate (TCP).
8.Metallic biomaterials
Structure, Properties and Applications. Types and Composition of Stainless Steels. Cobalt-based alloys: CoCrMo and CoNiCrMo alloy. Ti and Ti-based alloys (Ti6Al4V). Shape–memory alloys: Ni–Ti alloy. Corrosion of metallic implants.
9. Hip prostheses
Characteristics of hip prostheses and biomaterials used. Cementless and Cemented hip prostheses. Stress-shielding. Bone cement.
10. Heart Valve Implants
The Functions of the Heart and natural Heart valves. Valvular heart disease. Mechanical valves: Caged ball valve, Monoleaflet mechanical valve, Bileaflet mechanical valve. Bioprosthetic valves: Porcine bioprosthetic valves, Pericardial bioprosthetic valves, Stentless Bioprostheses, Percutaneous Bioprostheses. Selecting the Optimal Prosthesis in the Individual Patient.
11. Vascular Prostheses
Arterial disease: stenosis and aneurysm. Ideal characteristics of a graft. Implants of biological origin and implants of synthetic origin. Materials used in synthetic Implants. Porosity/permeability and Compliance of synthetic vascular prostheses.
12. Ophthalmic implants
Contact lenses and intraocular lenses. General Properties of Materials of Relevance to Contact Lenses. Hard contact lenses. Soft contact lenses. Biomimetic lenses. Materials used for intraocular lenses.
13. Surface modification of biomaterials
Covalent coatings: Plasma treatment, Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), Physical vapor deposition
(PVD), Radiation grafting/photografting, Self-assembled monolayer (SAM), Chemical grafting,
Biological modification (biomolecule immobilization).
Noncovalent coatings: Solution coatings, Langmuir-Blodgett films, Surface-modifying additives.
Surface modification methods with no overcoat: Ion bean implantation, Plasma treatment,
Conversion coatings. Patterning.
14. FT-IR Spectroscopy
Working Principle of IR Spectroscopy. Instrumentation. FT-IR Techniques: Transmission, Internal
Reflection Spectroscopy -Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR), External Reflection Spectroscopy-
Specular Reflection. Interpretation of IR Spectra.
15. Electron Microscopy: SEM and TEM
Introduction to Microscopy. Resolution. Electron-Matter Interactions. Working Principle of
Scanning Electron Microscope SEM and characteristics. Working Principle of Transmission Electron
Microscopy TEM and characteristics.
16. XPS X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Working Principle of XPS X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and applications.
17. Tissue engineering. Basic principles and applications of Tissue engineering.
Joon Park and R.S. Lakes Third Edition (Springer)
“Biomaterials”
Véronique Migonney (Wiley)
Programme
1. IntroductionHistory of biomaterials. Definition of biomaterials. Biocompatibility. Sterilization, prevention of infection. Classification of Biomaterials
2. Material properties
Mechanical properties: Young's modulus; Stress–strain curves of different types of materials. Dynamic fatigue failure. Viscoelasticity. Hardness. Thermal Properties.
3. Organic Chemistry
The Origins of Organic Chemistry. Principles of Atomic Structure. Bond Formation: The Octet Rule. Ionic and covalent Bonding. Electronegativity and Bond Polarity. Lewis Structures. Multiple Bonding. Resonance. Pi Bonding. Hybridization and geometry. Bond rotation. Structure and properties of Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Intermolecular Forces. Functional groups. Structure and properties of organic compounds: Halogenated compounds; Alcohols; Thiols; Ethers; Amines; Aldehydes; Ketones; Carboxylic acids. Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases. Condensation reaction of Acids with Alcohols: Esters. Condensation reaction of carboxylic acid and ammonia or an amine: Amides. Stereochemistry.
4. Polymers
Definition. Classification of polymers. Characteristics and properties of polymeric materials: Degree of Polymerization; Molecular Weight; Degree of Polydispersity; Reticulation degree; Glass transition temperature; Melting temperature. Condensation polymers: Polyamides; Polyesters; Polyurethanes. Disadvantages of condensation polymers. Addition Polymers: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC); polymethacrylate (PMA); Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); Hydrogels; Teflon (TFPE). Stereochemistry of polymers. The physical state of the polymers: Crystalline Polymers, Semi-Crystalline Polymers, Amorphous Polymers. Fibers. Elastomers: Natural Rubber, Synthetic rubbers, Silicones. Behavior of polymers as a function of temperature: thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers. Thermoplastic polymers with high resistance: Polyacetals, Polysulfones, Polycarbonates.
5. Biodegradable polymers.
6. Tissue response to implants
Cellular Response to Implants: Ceramics, metals and polymers. Systemic Effects by Implants. Blood Compatibility.
7. Ceramic biomaterials
Physical Properties. Sintering. Use of ceramic materials. Bioinert ceramics: alumina, zirconia and pyrolytic carbon. Bioactive ceramics: hydroxyapatite (HA), bioglasses or glass-ceramics. bioresorbable ceramics: tricalcium phosphate (TCP).
8.Metallic biomaterials
Structure, Properties and Applications. Types and Composition of Stainless Steels. Cobalt-based alloys: CoCrMo and CoNiCrMo alloy. Ti and Ti-based alloys (Ti6Al4V). Shape–memory alloys: Ni–Ti alloy. Corrosion of metallic implants.
9. Hip prostheses
Characteristics of hip prostheses and biomaterials used. Cementless and Cemented hip prostheses. Stress-shielding. Bone cement.
10. Heart Valve Implants
The Functions of the Heart and natural Heart valves. Valvular heart disease. Mechanical valves: Caged ball valve, Monoleaflet mechanical valve, Bileaflet mechanical valve. Bioprosthetic valves: Porcine bioprosthetic valves, Pericardial bioprosthetic valves, Stentless Bioprostheses, Percutaneous Bioprostheses. Selecting the Optimal Prosthesis in the Individual Patient.
11. Vascular Prostheses
Arterial disease: stenosis and aneurysm. Ideal characteristics of a graft. Implants of biological origin and implants of synthetic origin. Materials used in synthetic Implants. Porosity/permeability and Compliance of synthetic vascular prostheses.
12. Ophthalmic implants
Contact lenses and intraocular lenses. General Properties of Materials of Relevance to Contact Lenses. Hard contact lenses. Soft contact lenses. Biomimetic lenses. Materials used for intraocular lenses.
13. Surface modification of biomaterials
Covalent coatings: Plasma treatment, Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), Physical vapor deposition
(PVD), Radiation grafting/photografting, Self-assembled monolayer (SAM), Chemical grafting,
Biological modification (biomolecule immobilization).
Noncovalent coatings: Solution coatings, Langmuir-Blodgett films, Surface-modifying additives.
Surface modification methods with no overcoat: Ion bean implantation, Plasma treatment,
Conversion coatings. Patterning.
14. FT-IR Spectroscopy
Working Principle of IR Spectroscopy. Instrumentation. FT-IR Techniques: Transmission, Internal
Reflection Spectroscopy -Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR), External Reflection Spectroscopy-
Specular Reflection. Interpretation of IR Spectra.
15. Electron Microscopy: SEM and TEM
Introduction to Microscopy. Resolution. Electron-Matter Interactions. Working Principle of
Scanning Electron Microscope SEM and characteristics. Working Principle of Transmission Electron
Microscopy TEM and characteristics.
16. XPS X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Working Principle of XPS X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and applications.
17. Tissue engineering. Basic principles and applications of Tissue engineering.
Core Documentation
"Biomaterials An introducion”Joon Park and R.S. Lakes Third Edition (Springer)
“Biomaterials”
Véronique Migonney (Wiley)
Type of evaluation
The assessment of learning takes place through a written test which is passed which leads to the oral exam.