Programme

Tools and materials for drawing, graphic symbols and conventions. Basic geometric elements. Issues of parallelism, perpendicularity, distance, belonging. Main improper elements. Operations of projection and section, perspectives and homological relations.
Methods of architectural representation: Orthographic projections,Axonometric projection,Central Projection – Perspective,Quoted projections,Theory of the shadows.
For each topic, the spatial genesis, the elements of reference and the representation of basic geometric elements will be discussed. We will then talk about belonging conditions, parallelism, squareness, true size and shape of plane figures, measurement and intersections.

Core Documentation

Students are invited to register on the course website fagd.altervista.org, which contains further recommended readings, the list of topics, the links to the exercises assigned in the classroom, exercises carried out, examples of drwaings executed by students from previous years.

G. SPADAFORA, FONDAMENTI E APPLICAZIONI DI GEOMETRIA DESCRITTIVA. LE PROIEZIONI PARALLELE. PRINCIPI TEORICI E APPLICAZIONI. FRANCO ANGELI EDITORE, MILANO 2019
M. DOCCI, M. GAIANI, D. MAESTRI, SCIENZA DEL DISEGNO, CITTÀ STUDI EDIZIONI,TORINO, 2011, 2A ED.
M. CANCIANI, IL DISEGNO IN PROSPETTIVA, KAPPA, ROMA, 2005.

Reference Bibliography

G. SPADAFORA, FONDAMENTI E APPLICAZIONI DI GEOMETRIA DESCRITTIVA. LE PROIEZIONI PARALLELE. PRINCIPI TEORICI E APPLICAZIONI. FRANCO ANGELI EDITORE, MILANO 2019 M. DOCCI, M. GAIANI, D. MAESTRI, SCIENZA DEL DISEGNO, CITTÀ STUDI EDIZIONI,TORINO, 2011, 2A ED. R. MIGLIARI, GEOMETRIA DESCRITTIVA, CITTÀ STUDI EDIZIONI, NOVARA, 2009, VOLL. I E 2. M. CANCIANI, I DISEGNI DI PROGETTO, CITTÀ STUDI EDIZIONI, NOVARA, 2009. M. CANCIANI, IL DISEGNO IN PROSPETTIVA, KAPPA, ROMA, 2005. U. SACCARDI, ELEMENTI DI PROIETTIVA E APPLICAZIONI DELLA GEOMETRIA DESCRITTIVA, LEF LIBRERIA EDITRICE FIORENTINA, FIRENZE, 2004. A. SGROSSO, LA RAPPRESENTAZIONE GEOMETRICA DELL’ARCHITETTURA, TORINO, 1996. M. BERARDI, D. MAESTRI, ASSONOMETRIA, ROMA, 1980.

Type of delivery of the course

The course lasts 100 hours and it’s organized into two days a week, four hours each. Lesson includes lectures and guided exercises which consist in the execution, with teacher support, of a series of exercises regarding exposed concepts. Classes provide the execution of drawings on the blackboard and the projection of navigable three-dimensional models that show the spatial relationships between the geometric entities. Guided exercises or to-be-solved ones for each method of representation exposed are available on the website course (fagd.altervista.org). During the entire course, the study of all the graphic representation methods will be alternated in order to demonstrate the indispensability of their combined use for better understand and control the architectural space. In the case of an extension of the health emergency from COVID-19, all the provisions that regulate the methods of carrying out the teaching activities and student assessment will be implemented.

Attendance

The attendance is obligatory in at least 75% of the course.

Type of evaluation

Verification of the knowledges takes place through a graphic exam and the discussion of three final drawings, 50X70 cm size. Drawings regarde one of the architectural themes chosen with teacher supervision and are drawn by pencil on cardboard. The goal is to verify that the students have fully understood the subjects exposed during classes and their competence to apply them not only on solids and figures, but also in the representation of architecture. Any exercises assigned during the course and corrected during the reviews, also constitute examination scripts. In detail: - Two A3 size cardboards about the construction of geometric figures; - A4 binder with transparent envelopes which contains freehand and technical drawings of the case study (plans, elevations, sections and 3D views). - various freehand drawings on three 50X70 cm papers that represent a simplified version of the final drawings; - guided exercises; - block notes, - any exercises assigned during the semester (drawings and models on representation methods) The graphic exam consists of 10/12 exercises. Time given for the examination is about two hours. Failure in the graphic test does not allow students to complete the exam by discussing the technical drawings. The attendance is obligatory in at least 75% of the course.

Programme

They are described, through the various representative methods, orthogonal projections, axonometry and perspective, the conditions of belonging, of parallelism, intersection and the determination of the true size and shape of the plane figures. Particular importance will be given to the sections and their geometric construction, to the planar development of figures, belonging to a volumetric model, so that this can be reconstructed manually. Various historical references to representative methods will be given and some drawings by various authors will be analysed.
In detail we will study: the method of the double orthogonal projection construction of the fundamental geometric elements - representation of points, straight lines and planes - projection and intersection the measurement of the slope angle and the true shape of a flat figure - planar development - rotational solids - the sections of volumes and simple architectural bodies and the intersections between different volumes the theory of shadows.
The representation of the main geometric elements in the axonometry: points, straight and plane the oblique axonometry, military and knight - relationship of axonometric affinity determination of the true shape of a figure orthogonal axonometry direct construction - reference elements - intersection problems - axonometry of solids - graphic construction of vaulted roofs: cross vault and pavilion.
Spatial genesis of the reference elements in the perspective - representation of the fundamental geometric elements: points, straight, plane - conditions of belonging, parallelism, perpendicularity - straight points of measurement, angles - resolving processes of the perspective - perspective to vertical, horizontal and oblique - problems of intersection and true shape construction and measurement of angles return perspective.

Core Documentation

G. Spadafora, Fondamenti e applicazioni di geometria descrittiva, Franco Angeli, 2019
CANCIANI M., I DISEGNI DI PROGETTO, COSTRUZIONI, TIPI E ANALISI, DE AGOSTINI, TORINO, 2009.
CANCIANI M., IL DISEGNO IN PROSPETTIVA, ANALISI, ELEMENTI FONDAMENTALI, METODI RISOLUTIVI E TIPI, KAPPA, ROMA 2005.
M. DOCCI, M. GAIANI, D. MAESTRI, SCIENZA DEL DISEGNO, CITTÀ STUDI EDIZIONI, NOVARA, 2021.
DOCCI M., MIGLIARI R., SCIENZA DELLA RAPPRESENTAZIONE, NIS, ROMA 1992.
MIGLIARI R. GEOMETRIA DEI MODELLI, KAPPA, ROMA 2003.

Reference Bibliography

CANCIANI M., I DISEGNI DI PROGETTO, COSTRUZIONI, TIPI E ANALISI, DE AGOSTINI, TORINO, 2009. CANCIANI M., IL DISEGNO IN PROSPETTIVA, ANALISI, ELEMENTI FONDAMENTALI, METODI RISOLUTIVI E TIPI, KAPPA, ROMA 2005. DOCCI M., GAIANI M., MAESTRI D., SCIENZA DEL DISEGNO, CITTÀ STUDI EDIZIONI, NOVARA, 2011. DOCCI M., MIGLIARI R., SCIENZA DELLA RAPPRESENTAZIONE, NIS, ROMA 1992. MIGLIARI R. GEOMETRIA DEI MODELLI, KAPPA, ROMA 2003.

Type of delivery of the course

The discipline will be conducted in two areas, closely related to each other: the theoretical one, where a series of information, principles and rules will be given, which are the foundation of the representation of architecture and design, and the practical one, where application exercises and ex-tempora will be carried out, in which various drawings will be analyzed, according to their geometric and projective characteristics. The course makes use of the teams platform AA23/24 - FUNDAMENTATIONS OF DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY - 21001992 - CHANNEL II (CANCIANI), in which are updated as they come, the schedule of lectures (updated to the current lecture), and the supporting material for the lectures (PDF files of the lecture or application, the drawings and SKP files of some three-dimensional models of the geometric constructions). The course is structured according to a series of lectures, applications and graphical proofs, as described below: - some frontal lectures, in which topics related to the theoretical foundations of descriptive geometry and the solving of some problems specific to representation will be covered; - a series of applications carried out independently by the students; - some graphical proofs, related to the three representative methods studied; - the reviews (to be carried out obligatory during the year and in a congruous number), where the student will be able to personally show the lecturer the papers produced within the course and those prepared for the examination.

Attendance

Mandatory attendance for at least 75% of the hourss

Type of evaluation

The examination will consist of a test in which the student must present the work done during the year (application book and ex tempora, graphic proofs, tables, notes), with an oral discussion in which will be evaluated the level of learning and awareness of the geometric principles underlying the drawings presented. The papers to be submitted for the examination, made exclusively by hand and in black or colored pencil, consist of: 1. The collection of graphic tests, carried out during the year and appropriately corrected; 2. The book of sketches and applications made and appropriately corrected. 3. Three 50cm. x 70cm. size panels, related to the object of individual study. The first panel should contain the representation of the case study according to the plans, elevations and sections, together with two axonometries, one oblique and one orthogonal; the second two panels should contain exclusively three-dimensional representations, such as cutaways, exploded views, axonometric or perspective sections, in a number of at least 5 drawings per panel, with the geometric constructions highlighted