Programme

• Introduction to Economics: Graphs in Economics; trade-offs and exchanges.
• Demand and Supply: The demand curve; the supply curve; market equilibrium; consumer surplus and producer surplus; price and quantity controls; elasticity and taxation.
• Decision-making processes of individuals and firms: Factors behind the demand curve, preferences, prices, and income; factors behind the supply curve, inputs, and production costs.
• Market structures: Perfect competition; monopoly; oligopoly; monopolistic competition.
• Other market failures: Externalities and public goods.
• Introduction to Macroeconomics: National accounting; unemployment; inflation.
• Economic growth: The Solow model.
• Aggregate demand and supply: The AD-AS model.
• Fiscal policy.
• Monetary policy.

Prerequisiti

There are no specific academic prerequisites for taking the Economics exam.

Core Documentation

Krugman, Paul R., and Robin Wells, The Essentials of Economics, Bologna, Zanichelli editore, 2025, 4th Ed.
References in the textbook: Chapters 1-20, excluding Chapter 11 (print edition), with the addition of the Appendix "Consumer Theory" (ebook edition).

Attendance

In order to sit the mid-term and the end-of-term exams, attendance at lectures and practical sessions is required. Attendance at lectures will be monitored via the Gomp app (Student Portal). To be considered an attending student, students must attend at least two-thirds of the lectures and tutorials.

Type of evaluation

The exam consists of a written and an oral examination. The written exam can be taken in two different formats a) Format comprising two mid-term tests, I and II (reserved for attending students) I. Mid-term test (Part I) The first partial exam takes place halfway through the course. Further details on the content of the exam will be provided in class. The exam consists of 10 multiple-choice questions, 2 true-or-false questions requiring an explanation of the answer, and 2 exercises. II. End-of-term exam (Part II) The second partial exam takes place at the end of the course. Further details regarding the content of the exam will be provided in class. The exam consists of 10 multiple-choice questions, 2 true-or-false questions requiring an explanation of the answer, and 2 exercises. The mark for the written examination, which is conducted in two parts, is equal to the arithmetic mean of the marks for the two parts. Only those who have obtained a mark of at least 16 in the first part may sit the second part. Each part is considered a fail if the mark is below 16. Please, note that the attendance at lectures will be monitored via the Gomp app (Student Portal). To be considered an attending student, students must attend at least two-thirds of the lectures and tutorials. b) Format with a full exam The exam consists of 10 multiple-choice questions, 2 true-or-false questions requiring an explanation of the answer, and 2 exercises. Please, note that during the regular exam sessions, students may only sit the full exam. 1. Multiple-choice questions offer four possible answers, only one of which is correct. Each correct answer is worth 1 mark, each incorrect answer is worth -0.25 marks, and each unanswered question is worth 0 marks. 2. True-or-false questions must be accompanied by a brief explanation. A simple answer such as ‘true’ or ‘false’ will be treated as not answered. A correctly justified answer is worth a maximum of 2.5 marks. There are no penalty marks for incorrect answers. Unanswered questions are worth 0 marks. 3. The exercises are each structured in three parts. Each part, if completed fully and correctly, is worth a maximum of 2.5 marks. The oral exam consists of a short interview and is 1. compulsory for those who have achieved a mark of 16 or 17 in the written examination (regardless of the format); 2. optional for those who have achieved a mark in the written examination (regardless of the format) of 18 or above; 3. not available to those who have achieved a mark in the written examination (regardless of the format) of less than 16. The oral examination may award a maximum of two points more or less than the mark achieved in the written examination.

Programme

Introduction: graphs in economics; trade-offs and exchange.
Demand and supply: the demand curve; the supply curve; equilibrium between demand and supply; consumer surplus and producer surplus; price and quantity controls; elasticity and taxation.
Decision-making by individuals and firms: behind the demand curve, preferences, prices, and income; behind the supply curve, factors of production and production costs.
Market structures: perfect competition; monopoly; oligopoly; monopolistic competition.
Other market failures: externalities and public goods.
Introduction to macroeconomics: national accounting; unemployment; inflation.
Economic growth: the Solow model.
Aggregate demand and supply: the AD–AS model.
Fiscal policy.
Monetary policy.
International Economics (for students of the Degree Programme in “Law” only): comparative advantage; international trade; trade policies.

Prerequisiti

None.

Core Documentation

Krugman, Paul R., e Robin Wells, L’essenziale di Economia, Bologna, Zanichelli editore, 2025, 4ª Ed.
What we will cover: Chapters 1-20, excluding Chapter 11 (of the paper edition), plus the Appendix “La teoria del consumatore” (available in the Ebook version).

Attendance

Attendance (non-mandatory) is in person.

Type of evaluation

The exam consists of a written test and an oral exam. The written test can be taken in two different ways: a) Examination format with two midterm tests I and II (reserved for attending students) I. Midterm test The first midterm test takes place halfway through the course.¹ Further details on the content of the test will be provided during lectures. The test consists of 10 multiple-choice questions, 2 true/false questions requiring justification, and 2 exercises. II. End-of-course test The second midterm test takes place at the end of the course.² Further details on the content of the test will be provided during lectures. The test consists of 10 multiple-choice questions, 2 true/false questions requiring justification, and 2 exercises. NB: The grade for the written exam taken under the two-midterm format is the arithmetic average of the grades obtained in the two midterm tests. Only students who obtain a grade of at least 16 in the first midterm test may sit the second midterm test. b) Examination format with a single comprehensive test The comprehensive test takes place during the regular exam sessions and covers the entire syllabus. The test consists of 10 multiple-choice questions, 2 true/false questions requiring justification, and 2 exercises. NB: During regular exam sessions, only the comprehensive exam may be taken. The oral exam consists of a short interview and is: a) Mandatory for students who obtained a written-exam grade (regardless of the format) between 16 and 19 inclusive; b) Optional for students who obtained a written-exam grade (regardless of the format) higher than 19; c) Not permitted for students who obtained a written-exam grade (regardless of the format) lower than 16.

Programme

• Introduction to Economics: Graphs in Economics; trade-offs and exchanges.
• Demand and Supply: The demand curve; the supply curve; market equilibrium; consumer surplus and producer surplus; price and quantity controls; elasticity and taxation.
• Decision-making processes of individuals and firms: Factors behind the demand curve, preferences, prices, and income; factors behind the supply curve, inputs, and production costs.
• Market structures: Perfect competition; monopoly; oligopoly; monopolistic competition.
• Other market failures: Externalities and public goods.
• Introduction to Macroeconomics: National accounting; unemployment; inflation.
• Economic growth: The Solow model.
• Aggregate demand and supply: The AD-AS model.
• Fiscal policy.
• Monetary policy.

Prerequisiti

There are no specific academic prerequisites for taking the Economics exam.

Core Documentation

Krugman, Paul R., and Robin Wells, The Essentials of Economics, Bologna, Zanichelli editore, 2025, 4th Ed.
References in the textbook: Chapters 1-20, excluding Chapter 11 (print edition), with the addition of the Appendix "Consumer Theory" (ebook edition).

Attendance

In order to sit the mid-term and the end-of-term exams, attendance at lectures and practical sessions is required. Attendance at lectures will be monitored via the Gomp app (Student Portal). To be considered an attending student, students must attend at least two-thirds of the lectures and tutorials.

Type of evaluation

The exam consists of a written and an oral examination. The written exam can be taken in two different formats a) Format comprising two mid-term tests, I and II (reserved for attending students) I. Mid-term test (Part I) The first partial exam takes place halfway through the course. Further details on the content of the exam will be provided in class. The exam consists of 10 multiple-choice questions, 2 true-or-false questions requiring an explanation of the answer, and 2 exercises. II. End-of-term exam (Part II) The second partial exam takes place at the end of the course. Further details regarding the content of the exam will be provided in class. The exam consists of 10 multiple-choice questions, 2 true-or-false questions requiring an explanation of the answer, and 2 exercises. The mark for the written examination, which is conducted in two parts, is equal to the arithmetic mean of the marks for the two parts. Only those who have obtained a mark of at least 16 in the first part may sit the second part. Each part is considered a fail if the mark is below 16. Please, note that the attendance at lectures will be monitored via the Gomp app (Student Portal). To be considered an attending student, students must attend at least two-thirds of the lectures and tutorials. b) Format with a full exam The exam consists of 10 multiple-choice questions, 2 true-or-false questions requiring an explanation of the answer, and 2 exercises. Please, note that during the regular exam sessions, students may only sit the full exam. 1. Multiple-choice questions offer four possible answers, only one of which is correct. Each correct answer is worth 1 mark, each incorrect answer is worth -0.25 marks, and each unanswered question is worth 0 marks. 2. True-or-false questions must be accompanied by a brief explanation. A simple answer such as ‘true’ or ‘false’ will be treated as not answered. A correctly justified answer is worth a maximum of 2.5 marks. There are no penalty marks for incorrect answers. Unanswered questions are worth 0 marks. 3. The exercises are each structured in three parts. Each part, if completed fully and correctly, is worth a maximum of 2.5 marks. The oral exam consists of a short interview and is 1. compulsory for those who have achieved a mark of 16 or 17 in the written examination (regardless of the format); 2. optional for those who have achieved a mark in the written examination (regardless of the format) of 18 or above; 3. not available to those who have achieved a mark in the written examination (regardless of the format) of less than 16. The oral examination may award a maximum of two points more or less than the mark achieved in the written examination.

Programme

Introduction: graphs in economics; trade-offs and exchange.
Demand and supply: the demand curve; the supply curve; equilibrium between demand and supply; consumer surplus and producer surplus; price and quantity controls; elasticity and taxation.
Decision-making by individuals and firms: behind the demand curve, preferences, prices, and income; behind the supply curve, factors of production and production costs.
Market structures: perfect competition; monopoly; oligopoly; monopolistic competition.
Other market failures: externalities and public goods.
Introduction to macroeconomics: national accounting; unemployment; inflation.
Economic growth: the Solow model.
Aggregate demand and supply: the AD–AS model.
Fiscal policy.
Monetary policy.
International Economics (for students of the Degree Programme in “Law” only): comparative advantage; international trade; trade policies.

Prerequisiti

None.

Core Documentation

Krugman, Paul R., e Robin Wells, L’essenziale di Economia, Bologna, Zanichelli editore, 2025, 4ª Ed.
What we will cover: Chapters 1-20, excluding Chapter 11 (of the paper edition), plus the Appendix “La teoria del consumatore” (available in the Ebook version).

Attendance

Attendance (non-mandatory) is in person.

Type of evaluation

The exam consists of a written test and an oral exam. The written test can be taken in two different ways: a) Examination format with two midterm tests I and II (reserved for attending students) I. Midterm test The first midterm test takes place halfway through the course.¹ Further details on the content of the test will be provided during lectures. The test consists of 10 multiple-choice questions, 2 true/false questions requiring justification, and 2 exercises. II. End-of-course test The second midterm test takes place at the end of the course.² Further details on the content of the test will be provided during lectures. The test consists of 10 multiple-choice questions, 2 true/false questions requiring justification, and 2 exercises. NB: The grade for the written exam taken under the two-midterm format is the arithmetic average of the grades obtained in the two midterm tests. Only students who obtain a grade of at least 16 in the first midterm test may sit the second midterm test. b) Examination format with a single comprehensive test The comprehensive test takes place during the regular exam sessions and covers the entire syllabus. The test consists of 10 multiple-choice questions, 2 true/false questions requiring justification, and 2 exercises. NB: During regular exam sessions, only the comprehensive exam may be taken. The oral exam consists of a short interview and is: a) Mandatory for students who obtained a written-exam grade (regardless of the format) between 16 and 19 inclusive; b) Optional for students who obtained a written-exam grade (regardless of the format) higher than 19; c) Not permitted for students who obtained a written-exam grade (regardless of the format) lower than 16.