To integrate and complete the students' knowledge of structural dynamics, focusing on specific problems of aerospace structures and the numerical methods widely used for their analysis. Particular emphasis is placed on the modeling of aerospace structures under the combined action of thermal and external loads. The theory necessary for modeling specific aerospace structure problems is presented and the basic theory of finite element methods is taught, with particular emphasis on aerospace applications. Furthermore, the student is introduced to the finite element codes commonly used in industrial structural design. This activity will focus on the structural analysis of one of the major elements of aerospace vehicles.
Curriculum
teacher profile teaching materials
The teaching program is structured to provide students with knowledge and skills in the structural design of aeronautical components, utilizing methods commonly employed in the aircraft detailed design phase.
The teaching program is divided into 36 lectures (equal to 9 CFU), divided into the following seven main sections:
Kinematics of Deformable Continua: Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of motion. Kinematics of a deformable continuum under the small-deformation assumption. Rotation velocity tensor and strain rate tensor. Mass conservation equation.
Dynamics of Deformable Continua: Linear momentum balance. Cauchy's theorem. Angular momentum balance. Mechanical energy balance.
Thermodynamics of Deformable Continua: Energy balance. Stokes' heat flux theorem. Thermodynamic energy balance. The second law of thermodynamics.
Constitutive relations theory: Constitutive relations for thermoelastic materials. Constitutive equation for monoclinic, orthorhombic, and isotropic thermoelastic materials.
Thermoelastic problems in aeronautical structures: Uncoupled thermoelastic formulation. Initial boundary value problem of the heat conduction equation. Thermal stress analysis for elastic bodies subjected to external and thermal loads: Euler-Bernoulli beam, Kirchhoff plate, and axi-symmetric shells. Buckling of plates.
Finite Element method: Strong and weak forms of the uncoupled thermoelastic problem. The relation between strong and weak forms and boundary conditions. Virtual work principle. Discretization and definition of shape functions. Shape function choice criteria. Evaluation of element mass and stiffness matrices. Evaluation of equivalent nodal loads vector. Assembly procedure. The imposition of displacement constraints. Conformal elements. Standard methods for shape functions construction.
Introduction to the code Autodesk Inventor: Geometric preprocessor. Material properties definition. Constraints and external loads imposition. Solution methods. Post-processing. Structural analysis of an aerospace system or subsystem.
The educational material used by the teacher from time to time is indicated during lectures. The lecture notes are made available on the Moodle platform to facilitate their use for both attending and non-attending students. On the same platform, the specifications of the project the students have to perform during the year are also made available, as well as a collection of written tests of previous exams, to provide students with a valid and realistic test bench for the final exam.
- Boley, B.A., Weiner. J.H., Theory of Thermal Stresses, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960 (per gli argomenti 4, 5 e 6 del programma)
- Thomas J.R., Hughes, ‘The Finite Element Method – Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis,’ Dover, 2000 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
- T.H.G., Megson, Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, Arnold, London, 1999 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
Programme
The Analysis of Aeronautical Structures course is part of the activities of the Constructions and Aerospace Structures (IIND-01/D SSD).The teaching program is structured to provide students with knowledge and skills in the structural design of aeronautical components, utilizing methods commonly employed in the aircraft detailed design phase.
The teaching program is divided into 36 lectures (equal to 9 CFU), divided into the following seven main sections:
Kinematics of Deformable Continua: Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of motion. Kinematics of a deformable continuum under the small-deformation assumption. Rotation velocity tensor and strain rate tensor. Mass conservation equation.
Dynamics of Deformable Continua: Linear momentum balance. Cauchy's theorem. Angular momentum balance. Mechanical energy balance.
Thermodynamics of Deformable Continua: Energy balance. Stokes' heat flux theorem. Thermodynamic energy balance. The second law of thermodynamics.
Constitutive relations theory: Constitutive relations for thermoelastic materials. Constitutive equation for monoclinic, orthorhombic, and isotropic thermoelastic materials.
Thermoelastic problems in aeronautical structures: Uncoupled thermoelastic formulation. Initial boundary value problem of the heat conduction equation. Thermal stress analysis for elastic bodies subjected to external and thermal loads: Euler-Bernoulli beam, Kirchhoff plate, and axi-symmetric shells. Buckling of plates.
Finite Element method: Strong and weak forms of the uncoupled thermoelastic problem. The relation between strong and weak forms and boundary conditions. Virtual work principle. Discretization and definition of shape functions. Shape function choice criteria. Evaluation of element mass and stiffness matrices. Evaluation of equivalent nodal loads vector. Assembly procedure. The imposition of displacement constraints. Conformal elements. Standard methods for shape functions construction.
Introduction to the code Autodesk Inventor: Geometric preprocessor. Material properties definition. Constraints and external loads imposition. Solution methods. Post-processing. Structural analysis of an aerospace system or subsystem.
Core Documentation
- M.E., Gurtin, An Introduction to Continuum Mechanics, Academic Press, 1981 (per gli argomenti 1, 2, 3 e 5 del programma)The educational material used by the teacher from time to time is indicated during lectures. The lecture notes are made available on the Moodle platform to facilitate their use for both attending and non-attending students. On the same platform, the specifications of the project the students have to perform during the year are also made available, as well as a collection of written tests of previous exams, to provide students with a valid and realistic test bench for the final exam.
- Boley, B.A., Weiner. J.H., Theory of Thermal Stresses, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960 (per gli argomenti 4, 5 e 6 del programma)
- Thomas J.R., Hughes, ‘The Finite Element Method – Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis,’ Dover, 2000 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
- T.H.G., Megson, Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, Arnold, London, 1999 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
Reference Bibliography
- O., Zienkiewicz, C., Taylor, L., Robert, J.Z., Zhu, The finite element method: its basis and fundamentals, 2005.Attendance
Class attendance, although recommended, is not mandatory.Type of evaluation
Students' learning is assessed through a 2.5-hour written test and an oral test. The written test includes one exercise and one or two open-answer theoretical questions, designed to verify students' effective understanding of the concepts and their ability to apply them in real contexts. Passing the written test is a prerequisite for taking the oral test, which covers theoretical and practical questions relating to the entire program. During the oral test, the group project that the students carried out during the year will also be discussed. The course website contains a selection of past exam papers. Several elements determine the final grade, such as the level and quality of knowledge of the topics, the ability to analyze a problem critically, the ability to apply theories and concepts to real-life contexts, and the use of vocabulary appropriate to the discipline. teacher profile teaching materials
The teaching program is structured to provide students with knowledge and skills in the structural design of aeronautical components, utilizing methods commonly employed in the aircraft detailed design phase.
The teaching program is divided into 36 lectures (equal to 9 CFU), divided into the following seven main sections:
Kinematics of Deformable Continua: Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of motion. Kinematics of a deformable continuum under the small-deformation assumption. Rotation velocity tensor and strain rate tensor. Mass conservation equation.
Dynamics of Deformable Continua: Linear momentum balance. Cauchy's theorem. Angular momentum balance. Mechanical energy balance.
Thermodynamics of Deformable Continua: Energy balance. Stokes' heat flux theorem. Thermodynamic energy balance. The second law of thermodynamics.
Constitutive relations theory: Constitutive relations for thermoelastic materials. Constitutive equation for monoclinic, orthorhombic and isotropic thermoelastic materials.
Thermoelastic problems in aeronautical structures: Uncoupled thermoelastic formulation. Initial boundary value problem of the heat conduction equation. Thermal stress analysis for elastic bodies subjected to external and thermal loads: Euler-Bernoulli beam, Kirchhoff plate and axi-symmetric shells. Buckling of plates.
Finite Element method: Strong and weak forms of the uncoupled thermoelastic problem. The relation between strong and weak forms and boundary conditions. Virtual work principle. Discretization and definition of shape functions. Shape function choice criteria. Evaluation of element mass and stiffness matrices. Evaluation of equivalent nodal loads vector. Assembly procedure. The imposition of displacement constraints. Conformal elements. Standard methods for shape functions construction.
Introduction to the code Autodesk Inventor: Geometric preprocessor. Material properties definition. Constraints and external loads imposition. Solution methods. Post-processing. Structural analysis of an aerospace system or subsystem.
- Boley, B.A, Weiner. J.H., Theory of Thermal Stresses, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960 (per gli argomenti 4, 5 e 6 del programma)
- Thomas J.R., Hughes, ‘The Finite Element Method – Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis,’ Dover, 2000 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
- T.H.G., Megson, Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, Arnold, London, 1999 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
- Dispense fornite dal docente (per tutti gli argomenti del programma)
The educational material used by the teacher from time to time is indicated during lectures. The lecture notes are made available on the Moodle platform to facilitate their use for both attending and non-attending students. On the same platform, the specifications of the project the students have to perform during the year are also made available, as well as a collection of written tests of previous exams, to provide students with a valid and realistic test bench for the final exam.
Programme
The Analysis of Aeronautical Structures course is part of the activities of the Constructions and Aerospace Structures (IIND-01/D SSD).The teaching program is structured to provide students with knowledge and skills in the structural design of aeronautical components, utilizing methods commonly employed in the aircraft detailed design phase.
The teaching program is divided into 36 lectures (equal to 9 CFU), divided into the following seven main sections:
Kinematics of Deformable Continua: Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of motion. Kinematics of a deformable continuum under the small-deformation assumption. Rotation velocity tensor and strain rate tensor. Mass conservation equation.
Dynamics of Deformable Continua: Linear momentum balance. Cauchy's theorem. Angular momentum balance. Mechanical energy balance.
Thermodynamics of Deformable Continua: Energy balance. Stokes' heat flux theorem. Thermodynamic energy balance. The second law of thermodynamics.
Constitutive relations theory: Constitutive relations for thermoelastic materials. Constitutive equation for monoclinic, orthorhombic and isotropic thermoelastic materials.
Thermoelastic problems in aeronautical structures: Uncoupled thermoelastic formulation. Initial boundary value problem of the heat conduction equation. Thermal stress analysis for elastic bodies subjected to external and thermal loads: Euler-Bernoulli beam, Kirchhoff plate and axi-symmetric shells. Buckling of plates.
Finite Element method: Strong and weak forms of the uncoupled thermoelastic problem. The relation between strong and weak forms and boundary conditions. Virtual work principle. Discretization and definition of shape functions. Shape function choice criteria. Evaluation of element mass and stiffness matrices. Evaluation of equivalent nodal loads vector. Assembly procedure. The imposition of displacement constraints. Conformal elements. Standard methods for shape functions construction.
Introduction to the code Autodesk Inventor: Geometric preprocessor. Material properties definition. Constraints and external loads imposition. Solution methods. Post-processing. Structural analysis of an aerospace system or subsystem.
Core Documentation
- M.E., Gurtin, An Introduction to Continuum Mechanics, Academic Press, 1981 (per gli argomenti 1, 2, 3 e 5 del programma)- Boley, B.A, Weiner. J.H., Theory of Thermal Stresses, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960 (per gli argomenti 4, 5 e 6 del programma)
- Thomas J.R., Hughes, ‘The Finite Element Method – Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis,’ Dover, 2000 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
- T.H.G., Megson, Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, Arnold, London, 1999 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
- Dispense fornite dal docente (per tutti gli argomenti del programma)
The educational material used by the teacher from time to time is indicated during lectures. The lecture notes are made available on the Moodle platform to facilitate their use for both attending and non-attending students. On the same platform, the specifications of the project the students have to perform during the year are also made available, as well as a collection of written tests of previous exams, to provide students with a valid and realistic test bench for the final exam.
Reference Bibliography
- O., Zienkiewicz, C., Taylor, L., Robert, J.Z., Zhu, The finite element method: its basis and fundamentals, 2005.Attendance
Class attendance, although recommended, is not mandatory.Type of evaluation
Students' learning is assessed through a 2.5-hour written test and an oral test. The written test includes one exercise and one or two open-answer theoretical questions, designed to verify students' effective understanding of the concepts and their ability to apply them in real contexts. Passing the written test is a prerequisite for taking the oral test, which covers theoretical and practical questions relating to the entire program. During the oral test, the group project that the students carried out during the year will also be discussed. The course website contains a selection of past exam papers. Several elements determine the final grade, such as the level and quality of knowledge of the topics, the ability to analyze a problem critically, the ability to apply theories and concepts to real-life contexts, and the use of vocabulary appropriate to the discipline. teacher profile teaching materials
The teaching program is structured to provide students with knowledge and skills in the structural design of aeronautical components, utilizing methods commonly employed in the aircraft detailed design phase.
The teaching program is divided into 36 lectures (equal to 9 CFU), divided into the following seven main sections:
Kinematics of Deformable Continua: Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of motion. Kinematics of a deformable continuum under the small-deformation assumption. Rotation velocity tensor and strain rate tensor. Mass conservation equation.
Dynamics of Deformable Continua: Linear momentum balance. Cauchy's theorem. Angular momentum balance. Mechanical energy balance.
Thermodynamics of Deformable Continua: Energy balance. Stokes' heat flux theorem. Thermodynamic energy balance. The second law of thermodynamics.
Constitutive relations theory: Constitutive relations for thermoelastic materials. Constitutive equation for monoclinic, orthorhombic, and isotropic thermoelastic materials.
Thermoelastic problems in aeronautical structures: Uncoupled thermoelastic formulation. Initial boundary value problem of the heat conduction equation. Thermal stress analysis for elastic bodies subjected to external and thermal loads: Euler-Bernoulli beam, Kirchhoff plate, and axi-symmetric shells. Buckling of plates.
Finite Element method: Strong and weak forms of the uncoupled thermoelastic problem. The relation between strong and weak forms and boundary conditions. Virtual work principle. Discretization and definition of shape functions. Shape function choice criteria. Evaluation of element mass and stiffness matrices. Evaluation of equivalent nodal loads vector. Assembly procedure. The imposition of displacement constraints. Conformal elements. Standard methods for shape functions construction.
Introduction to the code Autodesk Inventor: Geometric preprocessor. Material properties definition. Constraints and external loads imposition. Solution methods. Post-processing. Structural analysis of an aerospace system or subsystem.
The educational material used by the teacher from time to time is indicated during lectures. The lecture notes are made available on the Moodle platform to facilitate their use for both attending and non-attending students. On the same platform, the specifications of the project the students have to perform during the year are also made available, as well as a collection of written tests of previous exams, to provide students with a valid and realistic test bench for the final exam.
- Boley, B.A., Weiner. J.H., Theory of Thermal Stresses, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960 (per gli argomenti 4, 5 e 6 del programma)
- Thomas J.R., Hughes, ‘The Finite Element Method – Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis,’ Dover, 2000 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
- T.H.G., Megson, Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, Arnold, London, 1999 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
Programme
The Analysis of Aeronautical Structures course is part of the activities of the Constructions and Aerospace Structures (IIND-01/D SSD).The teaching program is structured to provide students with knowledge and skills in the structural design of aeronautical components, utilizing methods commonly employed in the aircraft detailed design phase.
The teaching program is divided into 36 lectures (equal to 9 CFU), divided into the following seven main sections:
Kinematics of Deformable Continua: Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of motion. Kinematics of a deformable continuum under the small-deformation assumption. Rotation velocity tensor and strain rate tensor. Mass conservation equation.
Dynamics of Deformable Continua: Linear momentum balance. Cauchy's theorem. Angular momentum balance. Mechanical energy balance.
Thermodynamics of Deformable Continua: Energy balance. Stokes' heat flux theorem. Thermodynamic energy balance. The second law of thermodynamics.
Constitutive relations theory: Constitutive relations for thermoelastic materials. Constitutive equation for monoclinic, orthorhombic, and isotropic thermoelastic materials.
Thermoelastic problems in aeronautical structures: Uncoupled thermoelastic formulation. Initial boundary value problem of the heat conduction equation. Thermal stress analysis for elastic bodies subjected to external and thermal loads: Euler-Bernoulli beam, Kirchhoff plate, and axi-symmetric shells. Buckling of plates.
Finite Element method: Strong and weak forms of the uncoupled thermoelastic problem. The relation between strong and weak forms and boundary conditions. Virtual work principle. Discretization and definition of shape functions. Shape function choice criteria. Evaluation of element mass and stiffness matrices. Evaluation of equivalent nodal loads vector. Assembly procedure. The imposition of displacement constraints. Conformal elements. Standard methods for shape functions construction.
Introduction to the code Autodesk Inventor: Geometric preprocessor. Material properties definition. Constraints and external loads imposition. Solution methods. Post-processing. Structural analysis of an aerospace system or subsystem.
Core Documentation
- M.E., Gurtin, An Introduction to Continuum Mechanics, Academic Press, 1981 (per gli argomenti 1, 2, 3 e 5 del programma)The educational material used by the teacher from time to time is indicated during lectures. The lecture notes are made available on the Moodle platform to facilitate their use for both attending and non-attending students. On the same platform, the specifications of the project the students have to perform during the year are also made available, as well as a collection of written tests of previous exams, to provide students with a valid and realistic test bench for the final exam.
- Boley, B.A., Weiner. J.H., Theory of Thermal Stresses, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960 (per gli argomenti 4, 5 e 6 del programma)
- Thomas J.R., Hughes, ‘The Finite Element Method – Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis,’ Dover, 2000 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
- T.H.G., Megson, Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, Arnold, London, 1999 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
Reference Bibliography
- O., Zienkiewicz, C., Taylor, L., Robert, J.Z., Zhu, The finite element method: its basis and fundamentals, 2005.Attendance
Class attendance, although recommended, is not mandatory.Type of evaluation
Students' learning is assessed through a 2.5-hour written test and an oral test. The written test includes one exercise and one or two open-answer theoretical questions, designed to verify students' effective understanding of the concepts and their ability to apply them in real contexts. Passing the written test is a prerequisite for taking the oral test, which covers theoretical and practical questions relating to the entire program. During the oral test, the group project that the students carried out during the year will also be discussed. The course website contains a selection of past exam papers. Several elements determine the final grade, such as the level and quality of knowledge of the topics, the ability to analyze a problem critically, the ability to apply theories and concepts to real-life contexts, and the use of vocabulary appropriate to the discipline. teacher profile teaching materials
The teaching program is structured to provide students with knowledge and skills in the structural design of aeronautical components, utilizing methods commonly employed in the aircraft detailed design phase.
The teaching program is divided into 36 lectures (equal to 9 CFU), divided into the following seven main sections:
Kinematics of Deformable Continua: Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of motion. Kinematics of a deformable continuum under the small-deformation assumption. Rotation velocity tensor and strain rate tensor. Mass conservation equation.
Dynamics of Deformable Continua: Linear momentum balance. Cauchy's theorem. Angular momentum balance. Mechanical energy balance.
Thermodynamics of Deformable Continua: Energy balance. Stokes' heat flux theorem. Thermodynamic energy balance. The second law of thermodynamics.
Constitutive relations theory: Constitutive relations for thermoelastic materials. Constitutive equation for monoclinic, orthorhombic and isotropic thermoelastic materials.
Thermoelastic problems in aeronautical structures: Uncoupled thermoelastic formulation. Initial boundary value problem of the heat conduction equation. Thermal stress analysis for elastic bodies subjected to external and thermal loads: Euler-Bernoulli beam, Kirchhoff plate and axi-symmetric shells. Buckling of plates.
Finite Element method: Strong and weak forms of the uncoupled thermoelastic problem. The relation between strong and weak forms and boundary conditions. Virtual work principle. Discretization and definition of shape functions. Shape function choice criteria. Evaluation of element mass and stiffness matrices. Evaluation of equivalent nodal loads vector. Assembly procedure. The imposition of displacement constraints. Conformal elements. Standard methods for shape functions construction.
Introduction to the code Autodesk Inventor: Geometric preprocessor. Material properties definition. Constraints and external loads imposition. Solution methods. Post-processing. Structural analysis of an aerospace system or subsystem.
- Boley, B.A, Weiner. J.H., Theory of Thermal Stresses, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960 (per gli argomenti 4, 5 e 6 del programma)
- Thomas J.R., Hughes, ‘The Finite Element Method – Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis,’ Dover, 2000 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
- T.H.G., Megson, Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, Arnold, London, 1999 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
- Dispense fornite dal docente (per tutti gli argomenti del programma)
The educational material used by the teacher from time to time is indicated during lectures. The lecture notes are made available on the Moodle platform to facilitate their use for both attending and non-attending students. On the same platform, the specifications of the project the students have to perform during the year are also made available, as well as a collection of written tests of previous exams, to provide students with a valid and realistic test bench for the final exam.
Programme
The Analysis of Aeronautical Structures course is part of the activities of the Constructions and Aerospace Structures (IIND-01/D SSD).The teaching program is structured to provide students with knowledge and skills in the structural design of aeronautical components, utilizing methods commonly employed in the aircraft detailed design phase.
The teaching program is divided into 36 lectures (equal to 9 CFU), divided into the following seven main sections:
Kinematics of Deformable Continua: Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of motion. Kinematics of a deformable continuum under the small-deformation assumption. Rotation velocity tensor and strain rate tensor. Mass conservation equation.
Dynamics of Deformable Continua: Linear momentum balance. Cauchy's theorem. Angular momentum balance. Mechanical energy balance.
Thermodynamics of Deformable Continua: Energy balance. Stokes' heat flux theorem. Thermodynamic energy balance. The second law of thermodynamics.
Constitutive relations theory: Constitutive relations for thermoelastic materials. Constitutive equation for monoclinic, orthorhombic and isotropic thermoelastic materials.
Thermoelastic problems in aeronautical structures: Uncoupled thermoelastic formulation. Initial boundary value problem of the heat conduction equation. Thermal stress analysis for elastic bodies subjected to external and thermal loads: Euler-Bernoulli beam, Kirchhoff plate and axi-symmetric shells. Buckling of plates.
Finite Element method: Strong and weak forms of the uncoupled thermoelastic problem. The relation between strong and weak forms and boundary conditions. Virtual work principle. Discretization and definition of shape functions. Shape function choice criteria. Evaluation of element mass and stiffness matrices. Evaluation of equivalent nodal loads vector. Assembly procedure. The imposition of displacement constraints. Conformal elements. Standard methods for shape functions construction.
Introduction to the code Autodesk Inventor: Geometric preprocessor. Material properties definition. Constraints and external loads imposition. Solution methods. Post-processing. Structural analysis of an aerospace system or subsystem.
Core Documentation
- M.E., Gurtin, An Introduction to Continuum Mechanics, Academic Press, 1981 (per gli argomenti 1, 2, 3 e 5 del programma)- Boley, B.A, Weiner. J.H., Theory of Thermal Stresses, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960 (per gli argomenti 4, 5 e 6 del programma)
- Thomas J.R., Hughes, ‘The Finite Element Method – Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis,’ Dover, 2000 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
- T.H.G., Megson, Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, Arnold, London, 1999 (per l'argomento 6 del programma)
- Dispense fornite dal docente (per tutti gli argomenti del programma)
The educational material used by the teacher from time to time is indicated during lectures. The lecture notes are made available on the Moodle platform to facilitate their use for both attending and non-attending students. On the same platform, the specifications of the project the students have to perform during the year are also made available, as well as a collection of written tests of previous exams, to provide students with a valid and realistic test bench for the final exam.
Reference Bibliography
- O., Zienkiewicz, C., Taylor, L., Robert, J.Z., Zhu, The finite element method: its basis and fundamentals, 2005.Attendance
Class attendance, although recommended, is not mandatory.Type of evaluation
Students' learning is assessed through a 2.5-hour written test and an oral test. The written test includes one exercise and one or two open-answer theoretical questions, designed to verify students' effective understanding of the concepts and their ability to apply them in real contexts. Passing the written test is a prerequisite for taking the oral test, which covers theoretical and practical questions relating to the entire program. During the oral test, the group project that the students carried out during the year will also be discussed. The course website contains a selection of past exam papers. Several elements determine the final grade, such as the level and quality of knowledge of the topics, the ability to analyze a problem critically, the ability to apply theories and concepts to real-life contexts, and the use of vocabulary appropriate to the discipline.