For both curricula, the international one and the one focused on the teaching of Italian as a second language, graduates in Languages and Literatures for Teaching and Cultural Professions obtain advanced knowledge and understanding in all the subject areas of their training in order to 1) consolidate and develop their competence in European and American Studies, with particular attention to their literature of specialisation; 2) deepen their knowledge of the two foreign languages chosen, with the achievement of a high level of proficiency in the first language and an improved level in the second language for the MULTIPLE curriculum or in the single foreign language chosen for the DIL 2 curriculum; 3) reach enhanced awareness of the linguistic features of their language of specialisation, both from a diachronic and a synchronic perspective; 4) reach an adequate knowledge of the most advanced methodologies for the analysis of literary texts; 5) handle confidently the theoretical-practical tools for teaching and for translation. Littérature et idées / Literature and ideas is one of the characterising modules of the programme. It enhances both communicative and comprehension competences and it fosters students to analyse literary texts and investigate primary and secondary sources. The unit is also aimed at deepening knowledge of French literary history as related to society, littérature d’idées and to the complex and multiform genre of the essai. Students will look at literature as related to history, philosophical thought, and political thought. At the end of the module, students will be able to: handle confidently theoretical-practical tools applying them to literary works and culture history; communicate the module contents (advanced level). Requirements: Students must have already taken Classicismes et modernités / Classicisms and modernities.