The course develops students’ ability to understand, from a historical perspective, the evolution of the relationships between environment, society, and political systems in the international sphere. Students acquire analytical tools to examine the processes that have shaped energy regimes, climate transformations, and environmental policies from the 20th century to the present, with particular attention to geopolitical dynamics and power relations. The course also strengthens critical skills for assessing the impact of ecological crises, energy transitions, and international institutions in managing climate change.