Introducing students to the psychophysical and physiological basis of vision and deepen clinical knowledge of visual function through examination of motor and sensory aspects of normal binocular vision , and to the prevalence and development of biological ametropias.
develop knowledge and skills in the use of the instrumentation necessary for the objective and subjective examination of binocular vision, including the most common alterations, and of the refractive state of the eye.
knowing how to structure an initial discussion between subject and examined professional to make it functional for the subsequent optometric investigation . introduce the structure of an optometric examination focused on problem.
consider the usefulness of not refractive surveys of ocular health and visual function as ophthalmoscopy, examination of chromatic perception, contrast sensitivity, visual field, pupillary response.
develop knowledge and skills in the use of the instrumentation necessary for the objective and subjective examination of binocular vision, including the most common alterations, and of the refractive state of the eye.
knowing how to structure an initial discussion between subject and examined professional to make it functional for the subsequent optometric investigation . introduce the structure of an optometric examination focused on problem.
consider the usefulness of not refractive surveys of ocular health and visual function as ophthalmoscopy, examination of chromatic perception, contrast sensitivity, visual field, pupillary response.
teacher profile teaching materials
2. REFRACTIVE ANOMALIES AND BINOCULAR VISION
REFRACTORY ANOMALIES: The optical system of the eye, Ocular aberrations, Contrast sensitivity, MTF, Sthrel ratio, Visual acuity, Airy disk, PSF, Rayleigh resolution limit, Emmetropia and ametropia, Astigmatism, Presbyopia, Anisometropia , Amblyopia, Prescription.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AMETROPIES: Prevalence and distribution of ametropia, Variability of refractive components of the eye, Variations of spherical amethropia with age, Variations of astigmatism with age, Hereditary and environmental factors
MYOPIA: Myopia, Prevalence of myopia in relation to age, Classification of myopia, Progression of myopia, Etiological factors in myopia, Geographical differences in the prevalence and progression of myopia, Variations of the refractive component in adolescents and young adults, The state of rest of accommodation and virginity, experimentally induced myopia, pathological changes in myopic eyes, some unfortunate consequences of myopia.
HYPERMETROPIA: Neglected hypermetropic, incorrect hypermetropia and esotropia, incorrect hypermetropia and reading problems, changes in hypermetropia with age, the need for early vision screening
BINOCULAR VISION: Normal binocular vision: sensory aspects, Visual direction, corresponding retinal points, the oroptero, sensory fusion, Panum fusion area, physiological Diplopia, retinal disparity and stereopsis, normal binocular vision: motor aspects, conjugate movements, disjoint movements: convergence and divergence, motor fusion
ACCOMMODATION: The accommodative stimulus, the accommodative response.
CONVERGENCE: Convergence specifications, Disparity of fixation, Convergence components, Clinical measurements of the four components of convergence
ANOMALIES OF BINOCULAR VISION: Heterophoria, Anomalies of fusional convergence, The accommodative convergence / accommodation ratio (AC / A), Accommodation anomalies, Anomalies of accommodative convergence
STRABISM: Detection and measurement of strabismus, Adaptation to strabismus, Diplopia and confusion, Suppression, Amblyopia, Cross-eyed amblyopia, Refractive amblyopia, Eccentric fixation, Abnormal retinal correspondence, Vertical and cyclovertic deviations, Anisometropia and aniseiconia
3. THE OPTOMETRIC EXAM
Patient history, optometric medical records, demographic information and patient profile, eye history, health status history, main symptom, preliminary examinations, organization of test procedures, visual acuity measurement, cover tests, The corneal reflex test, Convergence point, Next accommodation point, Ocular motility test
Programme
1. THE ROLE AND THE PURPOSE OF OPTOMETRY2. REFRACTIVE ANOMALIES AND BINOCULAR VISION
REFRACTORY ANOMALIES: The optical system of the eye, Ocular aberrations, Contrast sensitivity, MTF, Sthrel ratio, Visual acuity, Airy disk, PSF, Rayleigh resolution limit, Emmetropia and ametropia, Astigmatism, Presbyopia, Anisometropia , Amblyopia, Prescription.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AMETROPIES: Prevalence and distribution of ametropia, Variability of refractive components of the eye, Variations of spherical amethropia with age, Variations of astigmatism with age, Hereditary and environmental factors
MYOPIA: Myopia, Prevalence of myopia in relation to age, Classification of myopia, Progression of myopia, Etiological factors in myopia, Geographical differences in the prevalence and progression of myopia, Variations of the refractive component in adolescents and young adults, The state of rest of accommodation and virginity, experimentally induced myopia, pathological changes in myopic eyes, some unfortunate consequences of myopia.
HYPERMETROPIA: Neglected hypermetropic, incorrect hypermetropia and esotropia, incorrect hypermetropia and reading problems, changes in hypermetropia with age, the need for early vision screening
BINOCULAR VISION: Normal binocular vision: sensory aspects, Visual direction, corresponding retinal points, the oroptero, sensory fusion, Panum fusion area, physiological Diplopia, retinal disparity and stereopsis, normal binocular vision: motor aspects, conjugate movements, disjoint movements: convergence and divergence, motor fusion
ACCOMMODATION: The accommodative stimulus, the accommodative response.
CONVERGENCE: Convergence specifications, Disparity of fixation, Convergence components, Clinical measurements of the four components of convergence
ANOMALIES OF BINOCULAR VISION: Heterophoria, Anomalies of fusional convergence, The accommodative convergence / accommodation ratio (AC / A), Accommodation anomalies, Anomalies of accommodative convergence
STRABISM: Detection and measurement of strabismus, Adaptation to strabismus, Diplopia and confusion, Suppression, Amblyopia, Cross-eyed amblyopia, Refractive amblyopia, Eccentric fixation, Abnormal retinal correspondence, Vertical and cyclovertic deviations, Anisometropia and aniseiconia
3. THE OPTOMETRIC EXAM
Patient history, optometric medical records, demographic information and patient profile, eye history, health status history, main symptom, preliminary examinations, organization of test procedures, visual acuity measurement, cover tests, The corneal reflex test, Convergence point, Next accommodation point, Ocular motility test
Core Documentation
Release of handouts for all lectures of the courseReference Bibliography
William J. Benjamin (2006): Borish’s Clinical Refraction, Second Edition, Butterworth- Heinemann, Elsevier Inc. Burian, Von Noorden: Visione binoculare e motilità oculare, Medical Books Leonard A. Levin, Siv F.E. Nilsson, et Al.(2011), Adler’s Physiology of the eye, eleventh edition, Saunders-Elsevier Inc. J.M.Wolfe, K.R.Kluender, et Al. (2011): Sensazione e Percezione, Zanichelli editore, Bologna John R. Griffin: Le anomalie binoculari, traduzione Ugo Frescura Grosvenor TP. - (2007): Primary Care Optometry, Fifth Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, ElsevierL. Lupelli (2014): Optometria A-Z, Medical BooksType of delivery of the course
LecturesType of evaluation
Written test: assessment test of learning in quiz with multiple answers Practical test: optometric examination and study of articles in English