Programme

Roman History DISCIPLINARY FIELD: L-ANT/03 (Roman History), now STAN-01/B (Roman History)
Bachelor course in Roman History (72 hours = 6+6 ECTS)
Lecturers: Prof. P. Porena [First Semester].

Premise:
the Roman History course (2 modules 6+6 = 12 ECTS) for the Bachelor’s degree may only be attended by students in the First Semester.
The first module of Roman History (I = 6 ECTS) takes place from the first week of October to the first week of November 2025, on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, 1-3 p.m. (Classroom 15) and on Thursdays, 3-5 p.m. (Classroom A), and on the Teams platform. From the second week of November to the end of December 2025 the second module of Roman History (II = 6 ECTS) follows seamlessly in the same classroom and at the same times. You are advised to check whether 6 or 12 ECTS are to be acquired in your Curriculum and Study Plan. Students wishing to follow a course and take a 12 ECTS examination must follow the two 6 ECTS modules in their chronological order in the First Semester. There are two separate written examinations: one for the first module (6 ECTS) and one for the second module (6 ECTS). Examinations from the winter session begin on 12th January and end by 21st February. (see below).
The Roman History I module consists of 18 didactic units that illustrate in chronological order the history of ancient Rome from the origins of the city (8th-5th centuries BC - 3 units), to the construction of the Mediterranean hegemony (4th-1st centuries BC - 10 units), to the stability of the High Empire (1st-2nd centuries AD - 3 units), to the crisis of the system in the late empire (3rd-6th centuries AD - 2 units).
The Roman History II module is composed of 18 teaching units that explore the political, economic, social, and religious history from the establishment of the Mediterranean empire to the end of the stability of the Antonine age (3rd century B.C.-II century A.D. - 10 units), and then of the late Roman Empire (3rd- 6th century A.D. - 8 units).

Description of the Second module of the course of ROMAN HISTORY: "Reinforcement, apogee and crisis of Mediterranean hegemony"
In the module, the historical processes that allowed the construction and management of the only global society the Western world has known are studied through the analysis of literary, epigraphic, numismatic and artistic evidence. The analysis of the deconstruction process, early in the West, slow in the East, of this Mediterranean-centric hegemony will also be examined. The second module focuses on examining and interpreting the events of the age of the Principate and the Late Empire (1st-6th centuries AD) in order to study the evolution of the historical and cultural processes involved in the transformation of Roman society and the institutional responses given progressively by the emperors and aristocracies.

Core Documentation

▪ Teaching materials (PDF) prepared by the professor and available on the Team online platform of the Roman History II course. It is not possible to insert and register students in the distance learning Teams platforms if they do not have the @stud.uniroma3.it domain. The teaching materials will always be available in the Team and the examination schedule and materials will not expire, even in subsequent academic years.

▪ TEXTS for students who attend the course:
a) evenemential history:
- G. GERACI, A. MARCONE, Storia romana. Editio maior, Firenze, Le Monnier, ora edizione 2017;
- G.A. CECCONI, La città e l’impero. Una storia del mondo romano dalle origini a Teodosio il Grande. Nuova edizione, Roma (Carocci) 2021;
b) to be consulted:
- G. GERACI, A. MARCONE, Fonti per la storia romana, Le Monnier, Firenze 2006, then 2nd ed. 2019 ;
- Atlante Storico, De Agostini, Novara 2003 or another edition;
(further reference bibliography is indicated in a handout (PDF) made available in the Course Team).
c) to be studied in more detail:

▪ ADDITIONAL TEXTs for students who do not attend the course:
in addition to the texts recommended for attending students (a-c):
(Curr. Lettere Classiche L-10): S. Mazzarino, L’impero romano, 2 voll., Roma-Bari (Laterza) 1956 (2006, 6a): vol. I, pp. 29-77; 109-194; 229-305 [tot. p. 309]; vol. II, pp. 359-495; 537-671 [tot. p. 270]
(Curr. Lettere Moderne L-10 e BC L-1 Storia dell’Arte): A. Giardina, A. Vauchez, Il mito di Roma: da Carlo Magno a Mussolini, Roma (Laterza) 2000 (2008 economica) [300 p.]
(Curr. Religione società L-10): G. De Sanctis, La religione a Roma. Luoghi, culti, sacerdoti, dèi, Roma (Carocci) 2012 [166 p.]; M. Bettini, Dèi e uomini nella Città. Antropologia, religione e cultura nella Roma antica, Roma (Carocci) 2015 [144 p.] = 310 p.
(Curr. BC L-1 Archeologia): A. Giardina (a cura di), Storia di Roma dall’antichità a oggi, I. Roma antica, Roma-Bari (Laterza) 2000 (20103) [378 p.]
(Storia L-42): G. Zecchini, Il pensiero politico romano. Dall’età arcaica alla tarda antichità, Roma (La Nuova Italia Scientifica) 1997 (20182) [184 p.]; F. Landucci, G. Zecchini (a cura di), Geopolitica del mondo antico. Caratteri politico-militari del Mediterraneo dal II millennio a.C. al VI secolo d.C., Roma (Carocci) 2023, pp. 113-218 [105 p.] = 289 p.
(Filosofia L-5): P. Veyne, La vita privata nell’impero romano, Roma-Bari (Laterza) 2000 (economica) [230 p.]
(Corsi liberi): one of the programmes listed above.

It is possible to ask for bibliography in English, French and German and take the exam in one of these three languages.

Reference Bibliography

For attending students, further reference bibliography is indicated in a handout (PDF) made available in the Course Team. Non-attending students can request additional bibliography from the teacher during the reception or by e-mail.

Attendance

Attendance is not compulsory, but it is advisable to attend at least half of the lessons. In the case of overlaps with other lessons, it is advisable to share notes with other students attending.

Type of evaluation

Learning is tested by means of a written examination, which is held in a classroom in the Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici (via Ostiense, 234 - Rome). The calendar of examinations and the exam room will be indicated in the GOMP, on the websites of Roma Tre Univ., in the Team (of Storia Romana), on the teacher's notice board in the DSU Area Mondo Antico. Students must always book their examination through the GOMP digital platform. It is possible to take the examination of the first module (Roman History I) in one call and the examination of the second module (Roman History II) in the same call or in the following call or in a later session (the latter solution is not recommended). For each individual examination (first or second module) to be taken on different dates, it is necessary to book on the GOMP each time (otherwise the 6 or 12 CFUs of the course cannot be recorded). There are no pre-appeals or in-progress tests. The written examination of Roman History II consists of ten open-ended questions on topics of eventemential, institutional, political and social history (for non-attending students this third part includes questions on texts from their specific programme). The written examination may be written in Italian or in a language of your choice from English, French, German or Spanish. Concerning the written examination, the teacher assesses: (a) the candidate's ability to move through the evolution of the society, economy, culture, and administrative, civil, and military structures of the Romans; (b) the candidate's knowledge concerning the most important personalities, institutions, ideology, and key concepts of the political, cultural, and religious thought of Hellenistic-Roman society; c) the teacher assesses the candidate's ability to navigate through the most relevant themes of Roman history and to link historical processes to ancient sources (literary, epigraphical, papyrological, normative); d) the teacher also assesses the candidate's expressive competence and the use of appropriate historical language. In order to take the written examination, the student must be in front of the classroom at roll-call time: congregations in the corridors and in the classroom must be avoided. The student must bring one or more protocol sheets and a pen, which he/she may not exchange with other students. After receiving the outline of the assignment, he/she will complete it within a maximum of two hours, hand the paper to the teacher, leaving the sheets of paper on which he/she has written his/her name and surname on the desk, and immediately leave the classroom without stopping in the corridors. The results of the written test (from 0 to 30/30) are communicated to the individual examinee by a single institutional e-mail within 72 hours. In the case of silence-consent, the grade is recorded electronically within seven days from the date of notification of the grade. Students with 'DSA', 'BES', differently abled, etc. are requested to contact Prof. Antonella Ballardini Referent of the Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici for disabilities and DSA (tel. 06.57338473; email: antonella.ballardini@uniroma3.it) to forward the medical certification, and then the teacher (pierfrancesco.porena@uniroma3.it) to fix the arrangements for the written or oral examination. Assessment criteria and grading: exhaustive knowledge of evenemmental history, the level of critical elaboration of the contents and themes dealt with in the course and set out in the study texts, awareness of the dynamics of historical processes and their concise and punctual illustration, exposition in appropriate language, reference to the sources of Roman history contribute to grading the mark from insufficient (<18/30) to excellent (30/30) or top-ranking (30/30 cum laude).

Programme

Roman History DISCIPLINARY FIELD: L-ANT/03 (Roman History), now STAN-01/B (Roman History)
Bachelor course in Roman History (72 hours = 6+6 ECTS)
Lecturers: Prof. P. Porena [First Semester].

Premise:
the Roman History course (2 modules 6+6 = 12 ECTS) for the Bachelor’s degree may only be attended by students in the First Semester.
The first module of Roman History (I = 6 ECTS) takes place from the first week of October to the first week of November 2025, on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, 1-3 p.m. (Classroom 15) and on Thursdays, 3-5 p.m. (Classroom A), and on the Teams platform. From the second week of November to the end of December 2025 the second module of Roman History (II = 6 ECTS) follows seamlessly in the same classroom and at the same times. You are advised to check whether 6 or 12 ECTS are to be acquired in your Curriculum and Study Plan. Students wishing to follow a course and take a 12 ECTS examination must follow the two 6 ECTS modules in their chronological order in the First Semester. There are two separate written examinations: one for the first module (6 ECTS) and one for the second module (6 ECTS). Examinations from the winter session begin on 12th January and end by 21st February. (see below).
The Roman History I module consists of 18 didactic units that illustrate in chronological order the history of ancient Rome from the origins of the city (8th-5th centuries BC - 3 units), to the construction of the Mediterranean hegemony (4th-1st centuries BC - 10 units), to the stability of the High Empire (1st-2nd centuries AD - 3 units), to the crisis of the system in the late empire (3rd-6th centuries AD - 2 units).
The Roman History II module is composed of 18 teaching units that explore the political, economic, social, and religious history from the establishment of the Mediterranean empire to the end of the stability of the Antonine age (3rd century B.C.-II century A.D. - 10 units), and then of the late Roman Empire (3rd- 6th century A.D. - 8 units).

Description of the Second module of the course of ROMAN HISTORY: "Reinforcement, apogee and crisis of Mediterranean hegemony"
In the module, the historical processes that allowed the construction and management of the only global society the Western world has known are studied through the analysis of literary, epigraphic, numismatic and artistic evidence. The analysis of the deconstruction process, early in the West, slow in the East, of this Mediterranean-centric hegemony will also be examined. The second module focuses on examining and interpreting the events of the age of the Principate and the Late Empire (1st-6th centuries AD) in order to study the evolution of the historical and cultural processes involved in the transformation of Roman society and the institutional responses given progressively by the emperors and aristocracies.

Core Documentation

▪ Teaching materials (PDF) prepared by the professor and available on the Team online platform of the Roman History II course. It is not possible to insert and register students in the distance learning Teams platforms if they do not have the @stud.uniroma3.it domain. The teaching materials will always be available in the Team and the examination schedule and materials will not expire, even in subsequent academic years.

▪ TEXTS for students who attend the course:
a) evenemential history:
- G. GERACI, A. MARCONE, Storia romana. Editio maior, Firenze, Le Monnier, ora edizione 2017;
- G.A. CECCONI, La città e l’impero. Una storia del mondo romano dalle origini a Teodosio il Grande. Nuova edizione, Roma (Carocci) 2021;
b) to be consulted:
- G. GERACI, A. MARCONE, Fonti per la storia romana, Le Monnier, Firenze 2006, then 2nd ed. 2019 ;
- Atlante Storico, De Agostini, Novara 2003 or another edition;
(further reference bibliography is indicated in a handout (PDF) made available in the Course Team).
c) to be studied in more detail:

▪ ADDITIONAL TEXTs for students who do not attend the course:
in addition to the texts recommended for attending students (a-c):
(Curr. Lettere Classiche L-10): S. Mazzarino, L’impero romano, 2 voll., Roma-Bari (Laterza) 1956 (2006, 6a): vol. I, pp. 29-77; 109-194; 229-305 [tot. p. 309]; vol. II, pp. 359-495; 537-671 [tot. p. 270]
(Curr. Lettere Moderne L-10 e BC L-1 Storia dell’Arte): A. Giardina, A. Vauchez, Il mito di Roma: da Carlo Magno a Mussolini, Roma (Laterza) 2000 (2008 economica) [300 p.]
(Curr. Religione società L-10): G. De Sanctis, La religione a Roma. Luoghi, culti, sacerdoti, dèi, Roma (Carocci) 2012 [166 p.]; M. Bettini, Dèi e uomini nella Città. Antropologia, religione e cultura nella Roma antica, Roma (Carocci) 2015 [144 p.] = 310 p.
(Curr. BC L-1 Archeologia): A. Giardina (a cura di), Storia di Roma dall’antichità a oggi, I. Roma antica, Roma-Bari (Laterza) 2000 (20103) [378 p.]
(Storia L-42): G. Zecchini, Il pensiero politico romano. Dall’età arcaica alla tarda antichità, Roma (La Nuova Italia Scientifica) 1997 (20182) [184 p.]; F. Landucci, G. Zecchini (a cura di), Geopolitica del mondo antico. Caratteri politico-militari del Mediterraneo dal II millennio a.C. al VI secolo d.C., Roma (Carocci) 2023, pp. 113-218 [105 p.] = 289 p.
(Filosofia L-5): P. Veyne, La vita privata nell’impero romano, Roma-Bari (Laterza) 2000 (economica) [230 p.]
(Corsi liberi): one of the programmes listed above.

It is possible to ask for bibliography in English, French and German and take the exam in one of these three languages.

Reference Bibliography

For attending students, further reference bibliography is indicated in a handout (PDF) made available in the Course Team. Non-attending students can request additional bibliography from the teacher during the reception or by e-mail.

Attendance

Attendance is not compulsory, but it is advisable to attend at least half of the lessons. In the case of overlaps with other lessons, it is advisable to share notes with other students attending.

Type of evaluation

Learning is tested by means of a written examination, which is held in a classroom in the Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici (via Ostiense, 234 - Rome). The calendar of examinations and the exam room will be indicated in the GOMP, on the websites of Roma Tre Univ., in the Team (of Storia Romana), on the teacher's notice board in the DSU Area Mondo Antico. Students must always book their examination through the GOMP digital platform. It is possible to take the examination of the first module (Roman History I) in one call and the examination of the second module (Roman History II) in the same call or in the following call or in a later session (the latter solution is not recommended). For each individual examination (first or second module) to be taken on different dates, it is necessary to book on the GOMP each time (otherwise the 6 or 12 CFUs of the course cannot be recorded). There are no pre-appeals or in-progress tests. The written examination of Roman History II consists of ten open-ended questions on topics of eventemential, institutional, political and social history (for non-attending students this third part includes questions on texts from their specific programme). The written examination may be written in Italian or in a language of your choice from English, French, German or Spanish. Concerning the written examination, the teacher assesses: (a) the candidate's ability to move through the evolution of the society, economy, culture, and administrative, civil, and military structures of the Romans; (b) the candidate's knowledge concerning the most important personalities, institutions, ideology, and key concepts of the political, cultural, and religious thought of Hellenistic-Roman society; c) the teacher assesses the candidate's ability to navigate through the most relevant themes of Roman history and to link historical processes to ancient sources (literary, epigraphical, papyrological, normative); d) the teacher also assesses the candidate's expressive competence and the use of appropriate historical language. In order to take the written examination, the student must be in front of the classroom at roll-call time: congregations in the corridors and in the classroom must be avoided. The student must bring one or more protocol sheets and a pen, which he/she may not exchange with other students. After receiving the outline of the assignment, he/she will complete it within a maximum of two hours, hand the paper to the teacher, leaving the sheets of paper on which he/she has written his/her name and surname on the desk, and immediately leave the classroom without stopping in the corridors. The results of the written test (from 0 to 30/30) are communicated to the individual examinee by a single institutional e-mail within 72 hours. In the case of silence-consent, the grade is recorded electronically within seven days from the date of notification of the grade. Students with 'DSA', 'BES', differently abled, etc. are requested to contact Prof. Antonella Ballardini Referent of the Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici for disabilities and DSA (tel. 06.57338473; email: antonella.ballardini@uniroma3.it) to forward the medical certification, and then the teacher (pierfrancesco.porena@uniroma3.it) to fix the arrangements for the written or oral examination. Assessment criteria and grading: exhaustive knowledge of evenemmental history, the level of critical elaboration of the contents and themes dealt with in the course and set out in the study texts, awareness of the dynamics of historical processes and their concise and punctual illustration, exposition in appropriate language, reference to the sources of Roman history contribute to grading the mark from insufficient (<18/30) to excellent (30/30) or top-ranking (30/30 cum laude).

Programme

Roman History DISCIPLINARY FIELD: L-ANT/03 (Roman History), now STAN-01/B (Roman History)
Bachelor course in Roman History (72 hours = 6+6 ECTS)
Lecturers: Prof. P. Porena [First Semester].

Premise:
the Roman History course (2 modules 6+6 = 12 ECTS) for the Bachelor’s degree may only be attended by students in the First Semester.
The first module of Roman History (I = 6 ECTS) takes place from the first week of October to the first week of November 2025, on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, 1-3 p.m. (Classroom 15) and on Thursdays, 3-5 p.m. (Classroom A), and on the Teams platform. From the second week of November to the end of December 2025 the second module of Roman History (II = 6 ECTS) follows seamlessly in the same classroom and at the same times. You are advised to check whether 6 or 12 ECTS are to be acquired in your Curriculum and Study Plan. Students wishing to follow a course and take a 12 ECTS examination must follow the two 6 ECTS modules in their chronological order in the First Semester. There are two separate written examinations: one for the first module (6 ECTS) and one for the second module (6 ECTS). Examinations from the winter session begin on 12th January and end by 21st February. (see below).
The Roman History I module consists of 18 didactic units that illustrate in chronological order the history of ancient Rome from the origins of the city (8th-5th centuries BC - 3 units), to the construction of the Mediterranean hegemony (4th-1st centuries BC - 10 units), to the stability of the High Empire (1st-2nd centuries AD - 3 units), to the crisis of the system in the late empire (3rd-6th centuries AD - 2 units).
The Roman History II module is composed of 18 teaching units that explore the political, economic, social, and religious history from the establishment of the Mediterranean empire to the end of the stability of the Antonine age (3rd century B.C.-II century A.D. - 10 units), and then of the late Roman Empire (3rd- 6th century A.D. - 8 units).

Description of the Second module of the course of ROMAN HISTORY: "Reinforcement, apogee and crisis of Mediterranean hegemony"
In the module, the historical processes that allowed the construction and management of the only global society the Western world has known are studied through the analysis of literary, epigraphic, numismatic and artistic evidence. The analysis of the deconstruction process, early in the West, slow in the East, of this Mediterranean-centric hegemony will also be examined. The second module focuses on examining and interpreting the events of the age of the Principate and the Late Empire (1st-6th centuries AD) in order to study the evolution of the historical and cultural processes involved in the transformation of Roman society and the institutional responses given progressively by the emperors and aristocracies.

Core Documentation

▪ Teaching materials (PDF) prepared by the professor and available on the Team online platform of the Roman History II course. It is not possible to insert and register students in the distance learning Teams platforms if they do not have the @stud.uniroma3.it domain. The teaching materials will always be available in the Team and the examination schedule and materials will not expire, even in subsequent academic years.

▪ TEXTS for students who attend the course:
a) evenemential history:
- G. GERACI, A. MARCONE, Storia romana. Editio maior, Firenze, Le Monnier, ora edizione 2017;
- G.A. CECCONI, La città e l’impero. Una storia del mondo romano dalle origini a Teodosio il Grande. Nuova edizione, Roma (Carocci) 2021;
b) to be consulted:
- G. GERACI, A. MARCONE, Fonti per la storia romana, Le Monnier, Firenze 2006, then 2nd ed. 2019 ;
- Atlante Storico, De Agostini, Novara 2003 or another edition;
(further reference bibliography is indicated in a handout (PDF) made available in the Course Team).
c) to be studied in more detail:

▪ ADDITIONAL TEXTs for students who do not attend the course:
in addition to the texts recommended for attending students (a-c):
(Curr. Lettere Classiche L-10): S. Mazzarino, L’impero romano, 2 voll., Roma-Bari (Laterza) 1956 (2006, 6a): vol. I, pp. 29-77; 109-194; 229-305 [tot. p. 309]; vol. II, pp. 359-495; 537-671 [tot. p. 270]
(Curr. Lettere Moderne L-10 e BC L-1 Storia dell’Arte): A. Giardina, A. Vauchez, Il mito di Roma: da Carlo Magno a Mussolini, Roma (Laterza) 2000 (2008 economica) [300 p.]
(Curr. Religione società L-10): G. De Sanctis, La religione a Roma. Luoghi, culti, sacerdoti, dèi, Roma (Carocci) 2012 [166 p.]; M. Bettini, Dèi e uomini nella Città. Antropologia, religione e cultura nella Roma antica, Roma (Carocci) 2015 [144 p.] = 310 p.
(Curr. BC L-1 Archeologia): A. Giardina (a cura di), Storia di Roma dall’antichità a oggi, I. Roma antica, Roma-Bari (Laterza) 2000 (20103) [378 p.]
(Storia L-42): G. Zecchini, Il pensiero politico romano. Dall’età arcaica alla tarda antichità, Roma (La Nuova Italia Scientifica) 1997 (20182) [184 p.]; F. Landucci, G. Zecchini (a cura di), Geopolitica del mondo antico. Caratteri politico-militari del Mediterraneo dal II millennio a.C. al VI secolo d.C., Roma (Carocci) 2023, pp. 113-218 [105 p.] = 289 p.
(Filosofia L-5): P. Veyne, La vita privata nell’impero romano, Roma-Bari (Laterza) 2000 (economica) [230 p.]
(Corsi liberi): one of the programmes listed above.

It is possible to ask for bibliography in English, French and German and take the exam in one of these three languages.

Reference Bibliography

For attending students, further reference bibliography is indicated in a handout (PDF) made available in the Course Team. Non-attending students can request additional bibliography from the teacher during the reception or by e-mail.

Attendance

Attendance is not compulsory, but it is advisable to attend at least half of the lessons. In the case of overlaps with other lessons, it is advisable to share notes with other students attending.

Type of evaluation

Learning is tested by means of a written examination, which is held in a classroom in the Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici (via Ostiense, 234 - Rome). The calendar of examinations and the exam room will be indicated in the GOMP, on the websites of Roma Tre Univ., in the Team (of Storia Romana), on the teacher's notice board in the DSU Area Mondo Antico. Students must always book their examination through the GOMP digital platform. It is possible to take the examination of the first module (Roman History I) in one call and the examination of the second module (Roman History II) in the same call or in the following call or in a later session (the latter solution is not recommended). For each individual examination (first or second module) to be taken on different dates, it is necessary to book on the GOMP each time (otherwise the 6 or 12 CFUs of the course cannot be recorded). There are no pre-appeals or in-progress tests. The written examination of Roman History II consists of ten open-ended questions on topics of eventemential, institutional, political and social history (for non-attending students this third part includes questions on texts from their specific programme). The written examination may be written in Italian or in a language of your choice from English, French, German or Spanish. Concerning the written examination, the teacher assesses: (a) the candidate's ability to move through the evolution of the society, economy, culture, and administrative, civil, and military structures of the Romans; (b) the candidate's knowledge concerning the most important personalities, institutions, ideology, and key concepts of the political, cultural, and religious thought of Hellenistic-Roman society; c) the teacher assesses the candidate's ability to navigate through the most relevant themes of Roman history and to link historical processes to ancient sources (literary, epigraphical, papyrological, normative); d) the teacher also assesses the candidate's expressive competence and the use of appropriate historical language. In order to take the written examination, the student must be in front of the classroom at roll-call time: congregations in the corridors and in the classroom must be avoided. The student must bring one or more protocol sheets and a pen, which he/she may not exchange with other students. After receiving the outline of the assignment, he/she will complete it within a maximum of two hours, hand the paper to the teacher, leaving the sheets of paper on which he/she has written his/her name and surname on the desk, and immediately leave the classroom without stopping in the corridors. The results of the written test (from 0 to 30/30) are communicated to the individual examinee by a single institutional e-mail within 72 hours. In the case of silence-consent, the grade is recorded electronically within seven days from the date of notification of the grade. Students with 'DSA', 'BES', differently abled, etc. are requested to contact Prof. Antonella Ballardini Referent of the Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici for disabilities and DSA (tel. 06.57338473; email: antonella.ballardini@uniroma3.it) to forward the medical certification, and then the teacher (pierfrancesco.porena@uniroma3.it) to fix the arrangements for the written or oral examination. Assessment criteria and grading: exhaustive knowledge of evenemmental history, the level of critical elaboration of the contents and themes dealt with in the course and set out in the study texts, awareness of the dynamics of historical processes and their concise and punctual illustration, exposition in appropriate language, reference to the sources of Roman history contribute to grading the mark from insufficient (<18/30) to excellent (30/30) or top-ranking (30/30 cum laude).