Programme

Tools and materials for drawing, graphic symbols and conventions. Basic geometric elements. Issues of parallelism, perpendicularity, distance, belonging. Main improper elements. Operations of projection and section, perspectives and homological relations.
Methods of architectural representation: Orthographic projections,Axonometric projection,Central Projection – Perspective,Quoted projections,Theory of the shadows.
For each topic, the spatial genesis, the elements of reference and the representation of basic geometric elements will be discussed. We will then talk about belonging conditions, parallelism, squareness, true size and shape of plane figures, measurement and intersections.

Core Documentation

M. DOCCI, M. GAIANI, D. MAESTRI, SCIENZA DEL DISEGNO, CITTÀ STUDI EDIZIONI,TORINO, 2011, 2A ED.
R. MIGLIARI, GEOMETRIA DESCRITTIVA, CITTÀ STUDI EDIZIONI, NOVARA, 2009, VOLL. I E 2.
M. CANCIANI, I DISEGNI DI PROGETTO, CITTÀ STUDI EDIZIONI, NOVARA, 2009.
M. CANCIANI, IL DISEGNO IN PROSPETTIVA, KAPPA, ROMA, 2005.
U. SACCARDI, ELEMENTI DI PROIETTIVA E APPLICAZIONI DELLA GEOMETRIA DESCRITTIVA, LEF LIBRERIA EDITRICE FIORENTINA, FIRENZE, 2004.
A. SGROSSO, LA RAPPRESENTAZIONE GEOMETRICA DELL’ARCHITETTURA, TORINO, 1996.
M. BERARDI, D. MAESTRI, ASSONOMETRIA, ROMA, 1980.

Reference Bibliography

G. SPADAFORA, FONDAMENTI E APPLICAZIONI DI GEOMETRIA DESCRITTIVA. LE PROIEZIONI PARALLELE. PRINCIPI TEORICI E APPLICAZIONI. FRANCO ANGELI EDITORE, MILANO 2019 M. DOCCI, M. GAIANI, D. MAESTRI, SCIENZA DEL DISEGNO, CITTÀ STUDI EDIZIONI,TORINO, 2011, 2A ED. R. MIGLIARI, GEOMETRIA DESCRITTIVA, CITTÀ STUDI EDIZIONI, NOVARA, 2009, VOLL. I E 2. M. CANCIANI, I DISEGNI DI PROGETTO, CITTÀ STUDI EDIZIONI, NOVARA, 2009. M. CANCIANI, IL DISEGNO IN PROSPETTIVA, KAPPA, ROMA, 2005. U. SACCARDI, ELEMENTI DI PROIETTIVA E APPLICAZIONI DELLA GEOMETRIA DESCRITTIVA, LEF LIBRERIA EDITRICE FIORENTINA, FIRENZE, 2004. A. SGROSSO, LA RAPPRESENTAZIONE GEOMETRICA DELL’ARCHITETTURA, TORINO, 1996. M. BERARDI, D. MAESTRI, ASSONOMETRIA, ROMA, 1980.

Type of delivery of the course

The course lasts 100 hours and it’s organized into two days a week, four hours each. Lesson includes lectures and guided exercises which consist in the execution, with teacher support, of a series of exercises regarding exposed concepts. Classes provide the execution of drawings on the blackboard and the projection of navigable three-dimensional models that show the spatial relationships between the geometric entities. Guided exercises or to-be-solved ones for each method of representation exposed are available on the website course (fagd.altervista.org). During the entire course, the study of all the graphic representation methods will be alternated in order to demonstrate the indispensability of their combined use for better understand and control the architectural space.

Attendance

The attendance is obligatory in at least 75% of the course.

Type of evaluation

Verification of the knowledges takes place through a graphic exam (or passing the intermediate tests) and the discussion of three final drawings, 50X70 cm size. Drawings regarde one of the architectural themes chosen with teacher supervision and are drawn by pencil on cardboard. The goal is to verify that the students have fully understood the subjects exposed during classes and their competence to apply them not only on solids and figures, but also in the representation of architecture. Any exercises assigned during the course and corrected during the reviews, also constitute examination scripts. In detail: - Two A3 size cardboards about the construction of geometric figures; - A4 binder with transparent envelopes which contains freehand and technical drawings of the case study (plans, elevations, sections and 3D views). - various freehand drawings on three 50X70 cm papers that represent a simplified version of the final drawings; - guided exercises; - block notes, - any exercises assigned during the semester (drawings and models on representation methods) Intermediate graphic tests consist of 6 exercises each and an hour is scheduled to run. If the final score is positive, the student can directly access the final exam by presenting the graphic works as described above. The graphic exam consists of 10/12 exercises. Time given for the examination is about two hours. Failure in the graphic test does not allow students to complete the exam by discussing the technical drawings. The attendance is obligatory in at least 75% of the course.

Programme

They are described, through the various representative methods, orthogonal projections, axonometry and perspective, the conditions of belonging, of parallelism, intersection and the determination of the true size and shape of the plane figures. Particular importance will be given to the sections and their geometric construction, to the planar development of figures, belonging to a volumetric model, so that this can be reconstructed manually. Various historical references to representative methods will be given and some drawings by various authors will be analysed.
In detail we will study: the method of the double orthogonal projection construction of the fundamental geometric elements - representation of points, straight lines and planes - projection and intersection the measurement of the slope angle and the true shape of a flat figure - planar development - rotational solids - the sections of volumes and simple architectural bodies and the intersections between different volumes the theory of shadows.
The representation of the main geometric elements in the axonometry: points, straight and plane the oblique axonometry, military and knight - relationship of axonometric affinity determination of the true shape of a figure orthogonal axonometry direct construction - reference elements - intersection problems - axonometry of solids - graphic construction of vaulted roofs: cross vault and pavilion.
Spatial genesis of the reference elements in the perspective - representation of the fundamental geometric elements: points, straight, plane - conditions of belonging, parallelism, perpendicularity - straight points of measurement, angles - resolving processes of the perspective - perspective to vertical, horizontal and oblique - problems of intersection and true shape construction and measurement of angles return perspective.

Core Documentation

CANCIANI M., I DISEGNI DI PROGETTO, COSTRUZIONI, TIPI E ANALISI, DE AGOSTINI, TORINO, 2009.
CANCIANI M., IL DISEGNO IN PROSPETTIVA, ANALISI, ELEMENTI FONDAMENTALI, METODI RISOLUTIVI E TIPI, KAPPA, ROMA 2005.
M. DOCCI, M. GAIANI, D. MAESTRI, SCIENZA DEL DISEGNO, CITTÀ STUDI EDIZIONI, NOVARA, 2011.
DOCCI M., MIGLIARI R., SCIENZA DELLA RAPPRESENTAZIONE, NIS, ROMA 1992.
MIGLIARI R. GEOMETRIA DEI MODELLI, KAPPA, ROMA 2003.

Reference Bibliography

CANCIANI M., I DISEGNI DI PROGETTO, COSTRUZIONI, TIPI E ANALISI, DE AGOSTINI, TORINO, 2009. CANCIANI M., IL DISEGNO IN PROSPETTIVA, ANALISI, ELEMENTI FONDAMENTALI, METODI RISOLUTIVI E TIPI, KAPPA, ROMA 2005. DOCCI M., GAIANI M., MAESTRI D., SCIENZA DEL DISEGNO, CITTÀ STUDI EDIZIONI, NOVARA, 2011. DOCCI M., MIGLIARI R., SCIENZA DELLA RAPPRESENTAZIONE, NIS, ROMA 1992. MIGLIARI R. GEOMETRIA DEI MODELLI, KAPPA, ROMA 2003.

Type of delivery of the course

The course will be divided into two closely related parts: a theoretical part where students will be provided with information and taught the principles and rules governing architectural representation and design, and a practical part where they will carry out applicative exercises and ex-tempora. The geometrical and projective characteristics of different drawings will be examined. The course uses a web blog (http://marcocanblog.altervista.org), in which the categories of interest of the course are updated hand in hand, such as: teachers, the program, the schedule of lessons (updated to the current lesson), the Review of the works, carried out in previous years. Students, once enrolled, can find the support material for the lessons (PDF file of the lesson or application, SKP file of some three-dimensional models). The course is divided according to a series of lessons, applications, graphic tests, carried out in the classroom, various intermediate deliveries and revisions, as described below: - some lectures by the teacher, in which the topics related to the theoretical foundations of descriptive geometry will be discussed and the resolution of some specific problems of representation; - a series of applications carried out independently by students; - some graphic tests relating to the three representative methods studied; - an intermediate delivery of the preliminary tables relating to the object of study assigned. - the revisions (to be carried out during the year and in a suitable number), where the student can show personally to the teacher the elaborates produced within the course and those prepared according to the examination. In the case of an extension of the health emergency by COVID-19 all the provisions that regulate the way in which teaching activities and student evaluation are carried out will be implemented. In particular, the following procedures will apply: online distance learning.

Attendance

Compulsory attendance for at least 75% of the hours

Type of evaluation

The works to be presented for the exam, made exclusively by hand and in black or coloured pencil, consist of the following: 1. The collection of the graphic tests, carried out during the year and duly corrected; 2. The book of sketches and applications carried out and duly corrected. 3. A table measuring 50 cm. x 70 cm. of presentation of the building under study, with volumetric sketches, at least one cross-section or axonometric section, plans, elevations and sections. These drawings, relating to the mid-year delivery, must be corrected and completed. 4. Four plates measuring 50 cm. x 70 cm., relating to the object of individual study. The tables must contain only three-dimensional representations, such as split, exploded views, axonometric or perspective sections, in a number of at least 5 drawings per table, with the geometrical constructions in evidence. In the case of an extension of the health emergency by COVID-19 all the provisions that regulate the way in which teaching activities and student evaluation are carried out will be implemented. In particular, the following procedures will apply: a graphic test in presence (in compliance with the anti contagion safety rules established by the University) is foreseen, while the discussion on the tables, and the other papers, will take place online. For the graphic test in presence, students enrolled in the exam must present themselves with a mask. Only students who have regularly enrolled for the exam will be able to take the exam. For proven reasons, the graphic test may be replaced by an online oral exam, to be held in a manner to be agreed with the teacher. This eventuality must be communicated, within the deadline of the registration on the portal, with an email addressed to the teacher.